![]() ![]() Being a complex structure, there are countless varieties of lesions that can be found thus hindering the creation and comparison of homogeneous groups, classification, any therapeutic indications, and the effectiveness of different treatments. The spine, and specifically the cervical spine, is a particularly complex structure that has different components, each of which has its own characteristics of susceptibility to trauma and the ability to heal. ![]() The most affected segment is the caudal part represented by C 6 and C 7, while in a third of cases C 2 is affected. In all the affected people, the mechanism of injury that leads to CS damage is consequent to the instability of the fractures of the bone component of CS. Concerning the mechanisms of injury, they differ in different age groups: young men are usually involved in high-energy traumas, first and foremost road accidents, followed by traumas caused by falls, attacks, or sports, whereas in the over-65 group low-energy traumas are usually implicated. Young men (M: F 4: 1), aged between 16 and 30 years, are the most affected by traumatic accidents, while the second peak of incidence concerns over 65-year-old people, leaving only 1–3% of events in people before age 15. In the context of trauma, in the world, acute injuries of the cervical spine represent from 1.9 to 4.6 of subjects and up to 5.9% in the context of polytrauma. Moreover, CS accounts for ~ 50% of injuries affecting the whole spine. Cervical Spine (CS) injuries frequently occur within major trauma, among which 5–10% of patients have this lesion. In the USA, 150,000 people are affected annually, of which 11,000 suffer spinal cord damage. Spinal trauma is described as a notable cause of morbidity and mortality among young adults after road and workplace trauma worldwide, and it represents a significant proportion of musculoskeletal injuries from traumatic accidents. An overview of the applicability of the same methods in forensic pathology is also provided highlighting possible future biomarker to ease in diagnosis of acute TBI. This article aims to present the different imaging to frame techniques to be used with greater precision in the acute event also for the purpose of planning the next therapeutic process. Several issues, indeed, are of particular concern: who needs CS imaging what imaging should be obtained when should computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or flexion/extension (F/E) radiographs be obtained and how is significant ligamentous injury excluded in the comatose patient. ![]() Determination of CS stability is a common challenge in the acute care setting of patients with trauma. The cervical spine accounts for ~ 50% of all spinal injuries. 5–10% of patients with blunt trauma have a cervical spine injury. Injury to the cervical spine (CS) occurs frequently after major trauma. This is most readily appreciated on the open mouth view which shows that the lateral masses of C1 no longer align with the lateral masses of C2, and that the spaces between the peg and the C1 lateral masses are widened.Spinal trauma is an important cause of disability worldwide. The ring expands and loses alignment with the adjacent occipital bone above, and C2 below. Injury to C1(atlas) results in loss of integrity of its ring structure. This page describes typical appearances of some common C-spine fractures. Bones - Cortical outline/Vertebral body heightĬervical spine injuries often have characteristics which depend on the mechanism of injury.Alignment - Anterior/Posterior/Spinolaminar.Look at all views available in a systematic manner.Clinical considerations are of particular importance when assessing appearances of C-spine X-rays.Normal C-spine X-rays do not exclude significant injury. ![]()
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